Cold Volcanic Vent Revealed in Arctic Waters

In a remote region in the Southern Ocean, scientists at the National Oceanography Centre in South Hampton have found a shimmering volcanic vent, given away by its shimmering appearance. The scientists used a high resolution camera called SHRIMP. "The study,  funded by the National Environment Research council (NERC) aimed to build on our knowledge of how deep sea creatures associate with hydrothermal activity evolve and migrate to different  regions." (Science Daily).

The vent was thought to be exposed by the process of "chemosynthesis". This is the process of hot water being able to rise to the oceans surface. But in actuality,  the vent was uncovered because of the salinity, or differences in the properties of the water. According to Dr. Aquilina, "Geochemical measurements of the water column provided evidence of slightly reducing, localized plumes close to seafloor at Hook Ridge."

Website:http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/02/130206093900.htm
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Melting of the Greenland ice sheet

The worlds second largest Ice Sheet, the Greenland ice sheet, is melting. The ice sheet covers approximately 80% of the area of Greenland. Its many kilometers of ancient snow allow scientists to map changes in the earth's climate, they do this by drilling holes through the surface of the sheet and by measuring air content with the help of Oxygen 18 which reveals to scientists the temperature of the air.

Specifically, "scientists have obtained information on temperature, ocean volume, precipitation, chemistry, and gas composition of the lower atmosphere, volcanic eruptions, solar variability, and sea-surface productivity." (Science Daily).

The amount of data to be collected in this area is more than any other location. In recent years, the Ice Sheet has experienced a significant amount of melting. This is most likely due to global warming and changes in ocean circulation. A major concern of the melting is that it could rise ocean levels very much. Overall, the ice sheet is approximately 600 meters lower than it was 3000 years ago.

Website:http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/09/090916133508.htm
Website 2: http://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/g/greenland_ice_sheet.htm
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Feast and Famine on the Abyssal Plain

The primary food source in the abyssal plain (miles below the earths surface) is "marine snow". Marine snow is a slow drift of mucus,  fecal pellets, and body parts. One problem with this  "snow" is that there is too much snow than actual food in the area eaten by animals in the area, researchers have found. "A new paper by MBARI researcher Ken Smith and his colleagues show that the population booms by algae or animals near the sea surface can sometimes result in huge pulses of organic material sinking to the sea floor." (Science Daily.com) Smith, along with other researchers have studied the abyssal plain for over 20 years.

So much Marine Snow falls in that area that in a few weeks that it is equal in normal deep-sea environments. However, the amount of snow that falls in that area is not sufficient enough to provide for all of the organisms in the area.  The Abyssal Plain is located off the coast of Central California and is home to a vast variety of animals such as sea cucumbers and grenadier fish. Researchers note that the area has strong winds which can bring more nutrients to the oceans surface causing algae blooms.

Website: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/11/131111185518.htm
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Tiger Stripes underneath Antarctic glaciers

Provided from the information give by Princeton University, friction zones occurring in wet areas underneath the Antarctic glaciers are slowing the flow of ice, causing a warming climate. Investigating how the friction areas can teach scientists how glaciers respond to a warming  climate. Just like how a speed bump would effect the speed of a car, the "Tiger Stripes" slow down the speed of glaciers.

"The friction at the interface of the bedrock and glacier ice is a major factor in the speed of the glacier." Said Sergianko, an associate research scientist at Princeton. "When friction is high, the glacier moves slowly. When friction is low, as when melting ice provides a liquid layer that allows the ice to slide over the bedrock, the glacier moves more quickly." (Science Daily)


Using mathematic data from the National snow and Ice data center, researcher discovered the locations of these areas. The tiger stripes, also referred to by researchers as "ribs" because of their  curvy form, the stripes decay over 100 by the infiltration of water that goes between the ice sheet and the bedrock.

Website: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/11/131108091341.htm
Picture:http://images.natureworldnews.com/data/images/full/3785/antarctica.jpg?w=600

Algal Bloom

You may often see it as "polluted water" underneath roadways or in canals, but Algal bloom aka marine/water bloom is a major increase in Algae in a system, sometimes in fresh water composed of phytoplankton which produce harmful toxins called HABs.

Also, not very many plankton are involved in the blooms. When there is a high density of colored cells, the general color of the bloom will change allowing for recognition.

The most common colors are green (light or dark), brown, or red. The concentration of algae is very high during a bloom. Sometimes, there are up to 1,000,000 cells of algae per one millimeter. This poses a threat to wildlife because of the negative biological impact.

Some blooms are created by the release of phosphorus and nitrogen into the waters, causing the growth of algae. Because of the rapid growth of Algae, it causes other plants and Algae to die.

Website: http://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/a/algal_bloom.htm
Picture: http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/manage/sites/default/files/01_algae_07.jpg

Bottom-feeding behavior of Humpback whales

Known for their interesting ways of capturing prey, the humpback whales have recently been discovered to have found a new method of feeding itself; bottom feeding (specifically in the Southern Gulf).

"Humpbacks have not been known as bottom-feeders, yet this i their dominant feeding mode in this region." Says Colin Ware, a professor at the University of New Hampshire, "You've got this prominent species and until now, nobody knew how they were feeding." Ware and his colleagues have gathered data from 52 humpbacks in the region.

To track the movements of the whales from below the surface, scientists have put recording tags on the whale's backs. Ware also developed a software called "TrackPlot" to translate the tags on the humpbacks. This allowed for Ware and his colleagues to discover three different ways the humpbacks were bottom-feeding: simple side rolls, side roll inversions, and repetitive scooping.

Article:http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/10/131030125324.htm

Picture: http://theterramarproject.org/thedailycatch/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/terra-mar-humpback-under-surface-600x320.jpg

Reading Ancient Climate from Plankton Shells

      Scientists have viewed plankton shells to chart climate changes in sea temperatures. This information could provide the means for scientists to scale temperature from millions of years ago by showing us things like tree rings. Before we used plankton to chart changes, we used ice from the poles, which trap bubbles of ancient air. "The oldest Antarctic ice core records date back to around 800,000 years ago." Says ScienceDaily.com.
   
      Scientists have learned that the plankton that grow in warmer climate have more traces of ancient atoms. Another way we can read ancient climates is by looking at the shells of dead plankton who have fallen to the ocean floor. Scientists can recover ocean floor sediments which are preserved in the shells. Researchers at the University of Cambridge have discovered magnesium in the shells of plankton, which helps us tell how warmer waters could effect the shells.

Article: http://www.sciencedaily.com/release2013/10/131

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